principles of solar energy - electrical energy storage systems

Solar energy refers to the direct use of the energy of the solar radiation to generate energy, heat or electricity (
Renewable energyto Earth.
The sun on Earth sends 1367 watts per square meter at any time.
Autotrophic organisms usually use solar energy, the organism that performs photosynthesis, also known as "vegetables ".
On the contrary, other organisms utilize the chemical energy obtained from plants (
Or other bodies that feed on plants)
Solar energy is also used, albeit indirectly.
Considering that the Earth is a rotating sphere, in addition, the average solar radiation, the European latitude, is about 200 watts per square meter.
In the Sun, multiply the average power of the terrestrial surface of the hemisphere by every square meter and you will get power greater than 50 million GW (a GW -gigawatts -
About the average power of a large power plant).
The solar energy reaching Earth's soil is so huge, about 10,000 times that of all the energy used by the whole human being, but not concentrated in the sense of collecting energy from very large areas to get a lot of energy, and it is difficult to convert into energy that is easy to use and efficient and acceptable.
The products it needs to run are usually much lower than the cost of other power generation methods.
The development of technologies capable of economic use of solar energy is a very active research field, but no revolutionary results have yet been produced.
Technology solar energy can be used for power generation (photovoltaic)
Or generate heat (solar thermal).
There are three main technologies for converting energy into usable energy from the sun: solar panels use sunlight to heat liquids with special functions inside, it transmits heat through a heat exchanger, and the storage tank contains water.
The concentrated solar panel uses a series of parabolic mirrors to concentrate the linear structure into sunlight onto the receiver tube, which flows liquid or a series of flat mirrors, focusing the beam on a tower filled with a boiler, the salt melts at high temperatures.
In both cases, the "receiving device" is heated to a very high temperature (
400 ℃ ~ 600 °c)
Solar panels use the special properties of semiconductor components to generate electrical energy when stimulated by light.
The solar panel heat collector can be either a natural cycle or a forced cycle, the first use of liquid in the panel to allow the heat circulation inside the system panel.
In this case, the tank containing the heat exchanger should be higher than the panel.
The forced circulation system uses the pump, and when the temperature of the fluid in the panel is higher than the temperature of the fluid in the tank, the pump cycles the fluid in the exchanger and in the panel, in which case, under the panel.
These systems are more complex in controlling and using equipment (
Pump, temperature sensor, three-
Valve, control)
, But allows you to place the tank, or even bigger, for example, you will actually place it on the ground, not on the roof where it is difficult to place the weight problem.
Solar panels convert sunlight directly into electricity.
These panels have a conversion efficiency of up to 32 using the photoelectric effect. Cell Lab 5%
In practice, once the site is assembled from units and modules and panels, the average efficiency is about 12%.
These panels do not have moving parts or something, and need little maintenance: they need to be cleaned on a regular basis in nature.
The estimated life of solar panels is about 30 years.
The main defects of these systems are the cost of panels and the storage of energy.
The second obvious problem with this system is that the energy is only generated during the day and is not suitable for any situation, which is a kind of energy that is difficult to accumulate in large quantities.
However, it should be noted that the production of solar energy is more accurately said at the time of the highest demand, that is, the day and the warm season, during which the increased consumption due to ventilation and air conditioning can be compensated.
Since legislation provides economic incentives for PV and has the potential to sell excess energy to operators of transmission systems, Germany ranks first in Europe in solar power generation: number represents 1, 0% of German energy, so it is not enough now to support the growth trend of energy demand (
In Germany, coal is the main source of electricity generation, accounting for about 43%, followed by nuclear energy, accounting for 23% ). .
Solar panels currently in use are used to provide hot water (solar thermal)
Heating for families and small groups.
You are trying to build solar power plants with turbines and convert stored heat into electricity, however, these experiments have basically failed because of the low production and high operating costs of these power relationships, interruption of power supply (
But look at the concentration of the previous generation on the panel).
Photovoltaic panels are mainly used to power equipment away from the power grid (
Space detectors, telephone repeater in the mountains, etc. )
Or as the demand for energy decreases, the connection to the power grid will become uneconomical (
Road signs, parking meters, etc. )
From an organizational point of view is inappropriate
Obviously, these devices must be equipped with batteries that can accumulate excess power generated during the day in order to power the device during the night and cloudy days.
Sun pulse HB will travel to Switzerland on April 8, 2010
SIA for the first solar energypowered plane.
With current technology, photovoltaic panels are also very sensitive to infrared radiation (invisible)
Solar radiation, so it can generate electricity even in cloudy weather and rain.
The amount of energy delivered is variable and unpredictable, and this non-continuity makes it difficult to meet demand at any current time, below production where safety margin is higher than annual peak demand.
Solar and wind power plants are also provided intermittently, but due to the peak production of solar systems in the summer, it can offset the increased domestic demand for air conditioners.
Due to favorable legislation, the installation of photovoltaic panels has been the biggest development in Germany, with producers selling excess energy to power suppliers, who buy it at the same price per kWh.
In practice, the city pays the cost of consumers and providing body electrical.
If it's for sure, then there's a credit.
Similar legislation has recently been introduced in Italy: in fact, in September 19, 2005, on so-
Called "tariff", DL 387/2003 (
Transposition of European Directive 2001/77/EC).
Only 0 is provided for solar energy.
1% of electricity is produced in Germany and is therefore not the main source of energy policy.
Relatively cheap wind energy (per kWh)
But similar levels of employment may not be created.
At present, most of the research focuses on the new generation of solar cells, which are more efficient than the current batteries or photovoltaic cells, similar to the existing ones, but cheaper.
The study pointed out that the construction of solar power stations around orbit is the most ambitious.
These plants should be collected directly from sunlight in space and transmitted the power input to Earth via microwave or laser.
Current construction projects such {}
http://cleantech .
Com/news/4617/powersat-space-aged-idea-
Including obstacles to installing these factory prototypes in the coming years.
A prototype of a solar cogeneration system is being tested where electricity and heat are produced simultaneously.
New technologies and new methods are currently being studied around the world to use solar energy to create the first real solar power plant, for example (
Central Receiving System)(Project PS10)
Melbourne's Dallas Environmental Co. , Ltd.