high-energy-density dual-ion battery for stationary storage of electricity using concentrated potassium fluorosulfonylimide - ess energy storage system
Graphite dual-
Ion batteries are a potential concept for large batteries
Expanding the fixed storage of electricity, especially in the absence of lithium and other chemical elements, natural reserves are limited.
Because of theirrocking-
However, the actual deployment of the chair operation mechanism is the graphite double
Ion batteries are inherently limited due to the need for a large amount of electrolyte solution as a reservoir of all ions required for the electrode to fully charge and discharge.
So far, lithium
Free graphite double
The ion battery uses a medium concentration electrolyte solution (0. 3–1u2009M)
, Resulting in quite low cells
Horizontal energy density of 20-70.
In this work, we put forward lithium-
Free graphite double
Ion batteries using a high concentration electrolyte solution of 5 m Potassium bis (fluorosulfonyl)
This paper is based on the alkalized carbonate.
The energy density of the battery is 207 whwhk-1, the energy efficiency is as high as 89%, and the average discharge voltage is 4. 7u2009V.
Increased global energy consumption and intermittent renewable energy (e. g.
Solar and wind energy)require grid-
Connected fixed energy storage system (ESS)
Higher ability.
Report of the International Electrical Commission, in the next 30 years, ESS (ca. 141u2009GW)
Need to double or triple.
In this case, a more traditional pumped storage should be combined (PHS)
It can be said that it has reached or is approaching its maximum available capacity.
However, rechargeable Li-
Gigawatt-grade ion batteries are widely considered problematic, especially considering the limited number and non-
The natural lithium reserves are evenly distributed.
Therefore, there is an urgent need for a new large-
Scale battery technology using only cheap components and natural rich elements.
So far, only PHS (
Constitute 99.
Global ESS 3%)
With a lower capital cost (0. 1–1.
Month compared to 15-100 kWh/kWh --cycle for Li-ion batteries).
However, except for the lowest energy density it can be said to be (0. 5–1.
5 In contrast, for Li-ion batteries)
Due to the need for water and altitude, PHS are also subject to geographical restrictions.
Over the past 20 years, reports of Li have surged. ion-free batteries.
For example, other unit prices and multi-valent ions are being used instead of Li-
Ions in traditional rockingchair-
Concept of Na, K, Mg and Al type batteryion batteries.
In addition to this, other concepts, often called mixing or double-ion batteries(DIBs)
Attracted more and more attention, its electrical activity (inserted)
Ion species are based on abundant metals (
K, Na, Mg, Ca and Al).
Non-major challenges like thisrocking-
Chair battery behind Li-
Ion batteries in theoretical batteries
Energy density.
As described below, we estimate that the limit of the known anode-electrolyte-cathode combination is ca.
At the cell level, only about 1/5 of the state-of-the-art Li-ion batteries (ca.
The surface of the 380 kWh u2009 kg/1160 kWh u2009 _4 L is coated with a layer, ca.
LiNiCoMnO, ca, is 410 kWh Wh kg/1190 kWh Wh kWh L.
Lithium iron phosphate is 370 kWh kg/1080 kWh Wh kWh L;
All graphite anode is used). The low-
The energy density of these emerging batteries comes from their non-rocking-
Chair operation principle, since a large amount of electrolyte is the reservoir of all ions required for electrode operation, it must be taken into account in the energy density calculation.
In contrast, only a small amount of electrolyte is needed when swinging
Metal chair type
The sole purpose of the ion battery is to establish an ion connection between the electrodes.
Therefore, the most promising way to increase DIBs energy density is to maximize the ion content of the electrolyte without affecting the charging storage capacity of the electrode and the voltage of the battery.
In this work, we propose the DIB concept of using graphite cathode and potassium anode, called graphite double-ion battery (GDIB).
This battery has a battery.
Due to the high weight content of electrically active species, the energy density is 207 whwhkg (65u2009wt%)
In the electrolyte [
5 µm solution of potassium bis (fluorosulfonyl)imide)
, KFSI, in hydrocarbon carbonates)
High operating voltage and 4. 7u2009V.
During the charging process, the FSI ion is inserted into the graphite, which is related to the solid-
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of F state (NMR)
, While the potassium plating on the aluminum current collector. The atomic-
The horizontal details of FSI anion embedded in graphite are not only analyzed by in situ X-Analysis
Ray diffraction (XRD)
However, the calculation and verification are also carried out using density functional theory (DFT)
Simulation to better understand the staging phenomenon of this insertion layer.